Although some countries refuse to collect official data and the nature and incidence of such violence varies widely by culture, many studies indicate that no society is exempt.
On the contrary, as workers, consumers and taxpayers, they contribute to the economic growth of all societies, as many studies have demonstrated.
Many studies document how some traditional societies damage local ecosystems and undermine biodiversity (Redman 1999; Hames 2007; Erlandson and Rick 2009).
Many studies have found that in societies with a collectivist and familial orientation, such as Japan and China, there is a tendency for people to rely heavily on their families and other close members of informal networks for support [ 25].
The average value across many studies of individuals in western society is about 0.7 (e.g. Black et al., 1996; Speakman and Westerterp, 2010); estimates from developing countries are not significantly higher than this (Westerterp and Speakman, 2008).
This study further questions the significance of state and global-centred approaches of many studies that have been done in general on pastoral societies and especially women.
While social vulnerability has recently gained considerable attention in academic studies, many societies still lack awareness of how social differences within their population play a role in disaster impacts.
In recent years, many studies were conducted on evolutionary algorithms inspired from nature and human societies such as genetic algorithms, swarm optimization, and ant colony.
Many studies on social desirability and culture have shown that populations from collectivistic societies such as Taiwan tend to respond in more socially desirable ways compared to more individualistic societies.
In a broader sense, local governments have been named in many studies as a key actor in the transformation towards a more sustainable society [4 8].
