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In recent years, the elucidation of the structures of many signalling molecules has allowed new insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern signal transduction events.
The development of the pituitary gland is a highly complex process, involving many signalling molecules and transcription factors [ 1- 3].
Many signalling molecules and factors involvement have been reported in stem cell self-renewal and implication in cancer stem cells (CSCs) regulation.
As many signalling molecules directly associate with components of the extracellular matrix, MMP-mediated alterations in the structural constituents of the microenvironment might affect the binding and availability of these factors.
Furthermore, ROS can act as the second messengers for many signalling molecules (ATII, transforming growth factor β1 (TNFα1), TNFα and ET-1) to induce hypertrophic pathways involving MAPKs, PKC and Src within cardiomyocytes.
These contain many signalling molecules, and an emerging paradigm is that of cell activation occurring as a consequence of individual rafts coalescing to form a platform capable of sustained cell activation.
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Both the cytoskeleton actin, the main intracellular mechanical mediator (Wang et al., 1993), and the lipid raft, the platform with many signal molecules (Horejsi and Hrdinka, 2014; Shao et al., 2015), are likely involved in the pathway of P-selectin-induced calcium signaling of human neutrophils.
There are many signaling molecules that are known to be activated by nAChR stimulation.
It is known that cutaneous melanocytes share many signaling molecules with neurons, and in vitro melanocyte cultures have already been proposed to be used as model system to study Alzheimer's disease [40] [42].
Many signaling molecules take part in alcohol-induced oxidative stress.
Many signaling molecules are involved in regulating Tregs, such as phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase.
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