By facilitating glucose-initiated signalling events at many steps along the path toward insulin secretion, GLP-1 and, similarly, GLP-1R agonists act as enhancers of glucose-induced activities and have little to no effect on insulin secretion in the absence of glucose.
Many of the normal TCR-mediated signalling events are known to take place during CAR-driven T cell activation, including tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ [ 8], recruitment of ZAP70 [ 9], initiation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade [ 9] and induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) [ 10].
Many of these converge on common intracellular signalling events that ultimately elevate cytosolic calcium and release diacylglycerol.
uPAR has been reported to associate with many signalling molecules and to mediate signal transduction (Aguirre Ghiso et al, 1999).
In the complex molecular infrastructure that underlies the mechanisms of activation and transduction, ERK orchestrates a series of signalling events that result in the recruitment of many downstream factors, including kinases, transcription factors, and other proteins.
Protein ubiquitination affects many processes and has been firmly connected with immunity-associated signalling events in plants [ 30, 31].
Caveolae are distinct lipid microdomains involved in the compartmentalization of many signalling molecules, including eNOS, and facilitating signal transduction.
Ca2+ signals are decoded by many different protein kinases, and CPKs play significant roles in these signalling events [ 24, 34, 35].
Many signalling pathways converge upon transcription factors, which integrate signalling information for the transcriptional regulation of downstream target genes.
