However, the function and mode of action of many proteins encoded by putative heavy-metal resistance genes remain undetermined.
Many proteins encoded by the protective genes have previously been shown to associate physically with each other and with known DNA repair proteins in high-throughput proteomics studies.
BLAST hits for all six of the sequenced P. larvae phages show similarity to many proteins encoded by Paenibacillus and Brevibacillus bacteria.
Many proteins encoded by EDC genes contain glutamine and lysine-rich sequence motifs and some of them also have a high cysteine content around 15% [ 6].
Additionally, gene-by-gene manual annotation based on relevant literature showed that many proteins encoded by duplicated loci are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
The HET domain is a proposed cell death execution domain found in many proteins encoded by fungal incompatibility genes (Smith et al. 2000; Paoletti and Clave 2007).
Based on the antimicrobial peptide database (Wang et al., 2009), many proteins encoded in the Tribolium genome fulfil those criteria and are identified as candidate antimicrobial peptides.
As noted earlier, many proteins encoded within introns in organellar genomes are initially translated as fusions with upstream exon sequences, requiring subsequent proteolytic processing to provide an active protein with an amino terminus in domain IV [ 40, 41, 66].
As essential genes tend to be conserved, it is possible that the observed low evolutionary rates are due to the fact that the downregulated protein list contains many proteins encoded by essential genes.
The exploitation of cellular apoptotic pathways has been exhibited by many proteins encoded by IAV, such as PB1F2, NS1, M1, M2, and lately NP, all targeting strategic points in the host apoptotic pathway.
