However, Ras signaling is hyperactive in many primary breast tumors [ 4].
Finally, many primary breast tumors, both ERα+ and ERα-, express the PRLR, pointing to its potential utility as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator [ 4, 12, 13].
Furthermore, after submission of this manuscript, Burns et al., have demonstrated that APOBEC3B expression also correlates with a T-C mutator phenotype in many primary breast cancer tumours (Burns et al., 2013).
DDX21 expression is high in many primary human breast tumors [ 19] (and herein) and established breast cancer cell lines.
Moreover, current prognostic markers of many cancers, including primary breast carcinomas, only poorly predict eventual metastatic progression [ 4].
Although SLNB has largely replaced ALNB in the treatment plan for many scenarios in primary breast cancer, its role in recurrent breast cancer has been slower to evolve [ 28].
Clinical metastases may grow from micrometastases resistant to adjuvant therapy and may represent one particularly aggressive clone from among many clones of primary breast cancer (Harris et al, 1997).
However, there is still an urgent need for discovery of novel prognostic factors and predictive biomarkers that give pre-treatment information on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy, which is commonly applied to many patients with primary breast cancer.
Indeed, genome wide methylation analysis of many hundreds of primary breast tumours has allowed the definition of specific sub-categories of breast tumours [ 12, 13], and our increasing understanding of the molecular basis of these subtypes has improved our ability to predict early metastatic recurrence [ 14, 38].
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator of angiogenesis [ 1], is over-expressed in many tumor types, including primary breast cancer [ 2, 3], and has been associated with poor prognosis [ 4– 6].
The transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ), also referred as WWTR1 (WW-domain containing transcriptional regulator 1), was first reported as a 14-3-3 14-3-3 14-3-3in. 2 TAZ is expressed in many primary tumors, such as bindingcancer, thyroid carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and glioma.
