Many questions in population genetics, however, require a broader, less directed approach to genetic diversity.
Knowledge of the exact distribution of meiotic crossovers (COs) and gene conversions (GCs) is essential for understanding many aspects of population genetics and evolution, from haplotype structure and long-distance genetic linkage to the generation of new allelic variants of genes.
In fact, the unique ecosystem of the Baltic Sea has attracted the attention of many evolutionary and population genetics studies that have also sought to understand local adaptation and genetic structuring of Baltic Sea organisms (e.g., [ 35, 36, 67, 68]; reviewed in [ 69]).
Effective population size (N e ) is related to genetic variability and is a basic parameter in many models of population genetics.
These variations, therefore, play a crucial part in many studies including population genetics, molecular genetics and pharmacogenomics.
Yet many questions in population genetics and systematics rely on sequencing specific genes of known function or diversity levels.
The information is used partially to customize the individual's risk profiles, but it is also the basis of 23andMe's research agenda, which has published research on many physical traits, population genetics, and Parkinson's disease [ 35, 108- 110].
In rice species, it is widely accepted that horizontal process such as gene flow and introgression have occurred among O. sativa, O. nivara and O. rufipogon; and many studies of population genetics, e.g. see reviews in [ 2, 3], have explored horizontal process between cultivated and wild rice.
It is applied in many recent studies including population genetics, molecular genetics and pharmacogenomics.
