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CA IX is involved in tumorigenesis through many pathways, such as pH regulation and cell adhesion control.
In particular, EFMs can accurately describe the branching nature of many pathways, such as pentose phosphate pathway.
Indeed, many pathways, such as the ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, can phosphorylate GSK-3β and downregulate its activity [ 42],[ 43].
Thiamine (i.e. vitamin B1) is required in many pathways, such as the Calvin cycle, the branched-chain amino acid pathway and pigment biosynthesis [ 71].
Pyruvate is a key metabolic intermediate of many pathways, such as glycolysis and the biosynthesis of amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids.
Previous researches have indicated that miRNAs play important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which are closely related to many pathways such as innate and adaptive immune responses, cell cycle, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis [ 53].
Similar(49)
As mutations at many loci may affect expression of high-level phenotypic features (whose development is affected by many individual pathways), such features (e.g., stature) may be affected by many genetic variations.
Furthermore, mammalian cells are wired with many signaling pathways, such as developmental and survival pathways, that influence morphology in a variety of ways.
For example, EMT can be triggered by many signaling pathways such as TGF-β, Notch and Wnt (Thiery & Sleeman, 2006), and different mechanical factors such as extracellular matrix density (Kumar et al., 2014) and mechanical stress (Gomez et al., 2010).
Akt is activated by many signaling pathways, such as overexpression of growth factor receptors, [40].
This serves as the reducing agent in many biosynthetic pathways such as fatty acid and nucleotide biosynthesis.
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