Because many pathways are activated by pore-forming toxins (1, 39), we focused on 3 major areas: phosphorylation of MAPK, autophagy, and cellular cholesterol.
One animal model is insufficient for explaining the antihypertensive effects of a particular drug, because many pathways are involved in the development of BP dysregulation.
Spontaneous mutagenesis has long been an intractable problem because many pathways contribute, making identification of the proteins required or mechanism for any of them difficult 45.
Clipper and DEgraph declare so many pathways as significantly activated because they detect sub-graphs, which are portions of signaling circuits of dubious biological meaning.
However, this pathway may only present one of the many pathways activated by irradiation because the induction of COX-2 could only partially be inhibited by lipid blocker BHT.
Third, glucose withdrawal has been extensively described to induce autophagy,, but high glucose/hyperglycemia can also induce autophagy through MTOR - and potentially through generation of ROS. - A fourth entity, glutamine, is in the spotlight because of the many pathways in which it functions.
This might depend on the redundancy of cytokine pathways because, typically, only one cytokine is neutralized while many cytokines act in parallel.
Further, because of this close coordination of many pathways, content and composition of carotenoids is important.
Of note, because the coverage of the interactome is incomplete, many pathways have sparse interaction coverage, leading to fewer enriched gene sets detected by PIPA relative to HGA.
