Exosomes, nanosized EVs of endosomal origin, regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses and inflammation, tumour growth, and infection.
Currently, it is well known that MTs play substantial role in many pathophysiological processes, including carcinogenesis, and they can serve as diagnostic biomarkers.
As alterations of the redox homeostasis lie at the root of many pathophysiological processes in human health, redox proteomics holds the promise to shed further light on fundamental biological processes.
As a product of lipid peroxidation, MDA was found to accumulate during many pathophysiological processes (Miller et al., 2011), most importantly in patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus (Su and He, 2014) and neurodegeneration (Bagatini et al., 2011), where blood MDA levels are markedly increased (Sanyal et al., 2009).
In addition to their role in cellular physiology, Ras proteins are involved in many pathophysiological processes.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been long believed to be associated with many pathophysiological processes during septic shock.
Recently, H2S has been identified as a third endogenous gas signalling molecule along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, playing an important function in many pathophysiological process of the mammal.
Some of these ECs are known to modulate a variety of physiological functions including synaptic transmission, immune function, nociception, fertility, and cardiovascular function, in addition to nervous system development, and are involved in many pathophysiological disease processes [5], [7], [11].
In any case, the imbalance of TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 serum levels observed herein, may reflect the paradoxical effects of these inhibitors, which may act as either promoters or suppressors in many important pathophysiological processes involved in inflammation and wound healing in IBD.
HO-1 and its metabolic product-CO are now known to be involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, and related to many diseases and disorders including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, microbial infection, ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as cancer [ 28, 32, 34, 35].
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is increasingly being recognized as a highly active tissue secreting adipokines involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes.
