Pathogenicity islands have been identified in many pathogens, including species of Escherichia, Vibrio, Listeria, Shigella, Yersina, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Helicobacter, and Agrobacterium[ 31].
Many pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, express glycans, including N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), that mimic host structures to evade host immunity.
Hematogenous dissemination followed by tissue tropism is a characteristic of the infectious process of many pathogens including those transmitted by blood-feeding vectors.
Developing varieties with disease resistance could provide an important integrated disease management tool; however, many pathogens, including the one that causes DM, are quickly able to adapt to overcome the plant's defenses.
Menaquinone (vitamin K2) is an essential component of the electron transfer chain in many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, and menaquinone biosynthesis is a potential target for antibiotic drug discovery.
In many pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, virulence determinants are often carried on plasmids (rev. Etcheverria and Padola 2013; Fabrega and Vila 2013).
Nevertheless, for many viral pathogens, including the influenza virus, measles virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 and many others, ADAR1 has been shown to enhance viral replication and proliferation [ 67].
Many parasitic pathogens, including all studied Plasmodium species, express an ortholog of the mammalian cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF 11,12.
Over the past decade, the completion of the genomes of many human pathogens, including that of Leishmania spp., has opened new doors for target identification and validation.
Human myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA) is an interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase that acts as a cell-autonomous host restriction factor against many viral pathogens including influenza viruses.
Chitin represents a major structural component of many plant pathogens, including nematodes (Yang et al. 2013).
