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Finally, many organisms (especially microbes) can take up and incorporate foreign DNA.
Hybridization and allopolyploidy are widely recognized as dominant forces shaping the evolutionary histories of many organisms, especially plants [ 1- 3].
While asymmetry in generalization itself has previously been found in many organisms, especially in the olfactory modality (e.g. - ), most of these studies either used very few substances, or substances that greatly differed in their molecular structure or function (e.g., floral odour vs. alarm pheromone), making it impossible to draw conclusions about the molecular basis of the asymmetry.
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Accordingly, HBGase enzymes have been purified from many organisms, but especially from microorganisms [ 17].
RNA interference (RNAi) has become an efficient high-throughput approach for rapidly determining gene functions via transcript knockdown in many organisms, and especially in C. elegans [ 39- 42].
The roles of lipocalins in communication were studied in many organisms and especially in mice (i.e. Mus musculus domesticus) which excrete Major Urinary Proteins (Mup) in excessive amounts in saliva and urine.
In comparison to many other organisms, especially model systems, relatively little is known about the basic biology of HAB species.
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or minisatellites are common in the mtDNA of many different organisms, especially metazoans [ 29].
Acoustic signaling is the primary form of communication for many terrestrial organisms, especially birds, mammals, frogs, and insects (Rogers and Kaplan 2000; Gerhardt and Huber 2002).
Unfortunately, experimentally manipulating reproductive output is difficult or impossible in many study organisms (especially in those without parental care) without also introducing undesired side effects.
In parallel, the early branching of protists was repeatedly challenged once it became clear that many of these organisms, especially, parasites, evolve at a high rate, so that their basal position in trees could be a long-branch attraction artifact (Baldauf et al. 2000, 2003).
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