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It suggests that many novel functions for pseudogenes and long non-coding RNAs remain to be discovered.
Although uncertainty in the tree topology and the richness of toxin functions makes assessment of specific ancestral and derived functions difficult for all lineages, it is clear from these phylogenies that many novel functions have originated in PLA2 genes after gene duplications.
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Recent studies have identified varied and important functions for some of these molecules in cell physiology and human pathology.Many novel functions associated with blood group antigens have recently been identified.
The rapid discovery of many novel RNA functions has changed our understanding of the importance of RNA in life processes.
Among these mechanisms, exon shuffling and alternative exon splicing permit the modular assembly of new genes, and both greatly enhance eukaryotic protein diversity and may contribute to the evolution of many novel biological functions (Gilbert 1978; Patthy 1999, 2003; Liu and Grigoriev 2004; Keren et al. 2010).
In addition, many novel genes functioning in biosynthesis, transport, RNA processing and stress response were uncovered, suggesting their substantial contributions to DDR.
Overall, these advances suggest that a combination of molecular engineering and systems engineering should allow the creation of living matter capable of performing many useful and novel functions.
Additionally, many novel plant peroxisome functions, for instance in secondary metabolism, have been uncovered in the past few years (for review, see [ 8, 9]).
The acquisition of many enzymes with novel functions might have enhanced biochemical diversity in bdelloids, allowing them to perform some of their unusual functions, such as desiccation tolerance [ 15].
Recently, epigenetic silencing of many novel genes that function as putative tumour suppressor genes has been reported to contribute to human lung cancer.
This suggests that many of the same sites that originally conferred specificity of function upon these peptides were altered to provide novel functions many millions of years later.
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