The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates many normal cellular processes including cellular proliferation, survival, growth and motility, all of which are critical processes for tumorigenesis.
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in many normal physiological processes as well as in tumor neovascularization associated with cancer progression.
miRNAs play important roles in many normal biological processes; however, the aberrant miRNA expression and its correlation with the development and progression of cancers is an emerging field.
Apoptosis plays a fundamental role in many normal biological processes as well as in several diseased states of cells and can be induced by various stimuli that will further result in systematic cell death.
Extracellular matrix degradation is involved in many normal physiological processes including development, growth and tissue repair.
Hydrogen peroxide, a free radical, is a harmful by-product of many normal metabolic processes.
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in many normal physiological processes, as well as in tumor neovascularization [ 34].
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are responsible for protein folding, assembly, translocation, and degradation in many normal cellular processes.
They are involved in protein folding, assembly, stabilization, activation, and degradation in many normal cellular processes and under stress conditions.
MiRNAs play essential roles in many normal biological processes involving cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress resistance [ 26, 27].
