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Trivalent chromium is an essential micronutrient for many microorganisms, relatively insoluble in water, and 100 times less toxic than the hexavalent form.
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Unfortunately, if from one side, the 'mutation rate' of microorganisms is considered relatively constant and is in fact known for many microorganisms, these 'combinatorial rates' are extremely difficult to establish, as they depend on many population and environmental parameters (Hermsen et al. 2012; Martínez and Baquero 2014).
Since cell growth is closely associated with ethanol production for many microorganisms including Z. mobilis (Delgenes et al. 1996; Zaldivar et al. 1999), it can provide relatively reliable estimates of the inhibitory effect of toxic compounds on microbial cells by measuring cell viability and growth with sensitive assays.
Many microorganisms mediate hydrogen production.
Although the genome sequences of many microorganisms are now known, whole-genome DNA microarray platforms consisting of PCR amplicon, or oligonucleotide elements printed onto glass slides have been readily available for only a relatively few, highly studied microorganisms.
…higher organisms and by reduced NAD+ in many microorganisms.
While ultraviolet light is not as effective as filtering, it renders many microorganisms harmless.
They tend to be contaminated easily by many microorganisms.
Many microorganisms can activate complement in ways that do not involve specific immunity.
Hydrogenases are the key enzymes for hydrogen metabolism in many microorganisms.
Many microorganisms normally live on our skin, including a group of yeast species called Malassezia.
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