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In the membrane of gut epithelial cells, sphingolipids provide structural integrity, regulate absorption of some nutrients, and act as receptors for many microbial antigens and their toxins.
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In analogy to PC of oxidized phosphatidylcholine and pneumococci, it is hypothesized that for many if not all OSEs identical or equivalent structures on microbial antigens exist.
These CMV-reactive T cells are very "trigger-happy", meaning that they produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to cross-reactive self or microbial antigens and may contribute to the chronic inflammation seen in many individuals as they age.
The gut mucosa is continuously exposed to food and microbial antigens.
Even though the human body is made up of 10 trillion human cells, there are 10 times as many microbial cells.
These vaccines, usually composed of microbial antigens, are often associated with an adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DCs).
Also chronic stimulation by microbial antigens (and, possibly, autoantigens) appears to play a role in the development of certain lymphomas.
The most recently described serum markers directed against microbial antigens are anti-glycan-antibodies.
Recent studies have also shown that exosomes containing microbial antigens can protect against infection.
The role of enteric microflora in IBD pathophysiology is highlighted by the presence of antibody reactivity to microbial antigens.
The excessive bacteria and yeast passage reported here may participate in the enhancement of adaptive immune responses to microbial antigens.
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