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In the case of PGC production in Drosophila, many maternal effect mutations have been identified that cause reduced PGC numbers (Mahowald 2001; Lasko 2011), although we are not aware of any mutation that leads to increased PGC numbers.
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For many echinoderms, maternal effects result in variable egg quality likely due to phenotypic effects associated with the maternal nutritive history, egg nutrients and maternal environmental history (Byrne et al. 2008; Byrne 2011).
Many well-known maternal effect proteins were included in this subset, including MATER and NPM2.
As expected, many well known maternal effect proteins in mice were found in this subset.
MZ twins are matched for age, sex, cohort effects, many maternal influences, and early environment factors, and have nearly identical genomes.
In addition to these well-known maternal effect proteins, many of the proteins we identified as highly expressed in oocytes and fertilized eggs have not been characterized.
Gene flow methodology [ 47, 48] shows that contributions of the direct and maternal effects to genetic change in calving traits depend on several factors which determine how often the maternal effect is expressed, e.g. how many calvings, how many calves are kept as replacement heifers and the breeding system (pure breeding or crossbreeding).
Preterm birth can result from many maternal and fetal causes.
In twin studies, the maternal effect is small and about half of the paternal education effect.
TSE exhibits both a maternal effect [51] and a maternal inheritance [45].
This maternal effect is supported by three epidemiological observations.
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