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First, the theory predicts that many loci contributing to genetic variation of complex traits in natural populations are downstream (B) in pathways, and would be obscured in most QTL mapping studies in the presence of epistasis.
These results are consistent with the observed excess of parent-of-origin heritability affecting most phenotypes, with many loci contributing a small amount to the total.
Its facile genetic system, small genome size, and lack of extensive repeated DNA make it ideal for developing strategies to detect the many loci contributing to complex traits in eukaryotes.
The genetic variants we examined explained <1 12% of the variance in the phenotypes examined suggesting these traits are highly polygenic with many loci contributing to a very small proportion of the variation.
The genetic variants that emerged from these analyses explained <1 12% of the variance in the phenotype examined, once again suggesting these traits are highly polygenic with many loci contributing a very small proportion of the variation, and these phenotype-genotype associations were often sex specific.
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Recent studies of stature and personality variations (e.g., neuroticism) show that many loci contribute effects, with no one locus accounting for more than 1% of the variation [19], [20].
This observation is consistent with other studies that have revealed that many loci contribute to song variation [ 13, 31, 32].
Evolving traits are assumed to have a polygenic basis, where many loci contribute small individual effects, such that the distribution of trait values approximately follows a Gaussian distribution (Bulmer 1980; Barton and Turelli 1991; Kirkpatrick et al. 2002).
From Figure 1 it becomes clear that when there are many risk loci contributing to disease each of small effect, that all individuals in the population necessarily carry a large number of risk alleles.
Furthermore, with the availability of computationally efficient software, such as IntRapid, we expect that GWA G × G interaction studies will be a natural addition to traditional single-locus analysis, with the potential to discover many novel loci contributing effects to complex human traits.
Except for loci on chr02, the proportions of AJ alleles of most markers in both the selected and unselected populations of parasites were generally high, possibly reflecting the predominance of AJ alleles in the backcross, the small proportion of parental AJ genotypes (drug-sensitive) and/or the existence of many AJ loci contributing small fitness effects in this experimental system.
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