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Many genomic changes occurring late in tumor progression may not be relevant from an etiologic perspective.
In common with invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ exhibits many genomic changes, predominantly copy number alterations.
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Since the parental materials were strictly inbred over many years, any genomic changes revealed in the triticale should be directly related to genome responses to polyploidization.
Many of these genomic changes are thought to represent driver mutations in oncogenesis.
Recent technological advances make it feasible in principle to screen a tumor biopsy for many types of genomic changes.
Like many other rare genomic changes (RGCs), microinversions are thought to be virtually homoplasy-free evolutionary characters, suggesting that they may be very useful for difficult phylogenetic problems such as the avian tree of life.
While most CRCs have ~100 or more genomic changes, many of these are believed to be incidental or "passenger" alterations, and it is estimated that up to 15 "driver" oncogenic changes are required for transforming into full malignancy [ 5].
Many of the large-scale genomic changes observed in our studies were also noted in previous cytogenetic studies.
Our result provide the first evidence that, like in many other studied populations, large genomic changes in BRCA1 do also exist in Finland.
Our results provide the first evidence that, like in many other studied populations, large genomic changes in the MLH1/MSH2 genes exist in Slovakian HNPCC families.
However, in comparison with newer SNP microarray technology, aCGH presents a number of limitations, which make it more difficult to discriminate between HRD-related genomic changes and the many confounding alterations that can affect the genome, leading to poorer specificity.
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