DL, referring to a long-term light-emitting decay process after illumination, is a sensitive indicator of the functional states of many biological systems, including plants, animals, human cells and tissues [ 8, 9].
Following this development, the recent large-scale chromatin profiling and interaction mapping across many different cell types and their functional states carried out by the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) consortium has already resulted in functional annotation of about 80% of the human genome, the vast majority of which is nonprotein coding.
In addition, it is now recognized that many proteins are intrinsically unstructured in their functional states, while partly folded states of several cellular proteins have been implicated in amyloid disease.
The functional states of the hippocampus are under the control of many neuromodulators, including DA, 5-HT and NE.
Many functional network properties of the human brain have been identified during rest and task states, yet it remains unclear how the two relate.
Many of the targets of these transcription factors, such as the heat shock proteins, help maintain other proteins in functional states or target them for degradation.
In an e-mail message, Ferguson pointed out similarities between Bobbitt's ideas and his own thinking about empire: "Bobbitt's term 'market state' is less troubling to Americans than 'empire.' On the other hand, there are many functional resemblances between the two concepts".
Not surprisingly, many functional similarities exist.
Moreover, each functional category included many functional surface proteins.
In fact, many studies emphasize the heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages and indicate that typical M1 and M2 phenotypes are extremes of a wide spectrum of functional states.
