There have been many functional imaging studies that have investigated the neural correlates of speech perception by contrasting neural responses to speech and "speech-like" but unintelligible control stimuli.
Many functional imaging studies have attempted to isolate neural regions that are sensitive to intelligible speech compared with those regions that respond to acoustic complexity.
Such measurements will be of great use for many functional imaging studies, including ones underlying the motivation for the present work, namely the longitudinal monitoring of cortical plasticity during rehabilitation of patients with motor deficits [ 5, 7, 9].
Indeed, many functional imaging studies using appetitive tasks also detect anterior insula responses, particularly for monetary wins that are also physiologically arousing (Clark, Crooks, Clarke, Aitken, & Dunn, 2012; Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009; Elliot, Friston, & Dolan, 2000), indicating that the insular is not specific to negative emotions.
However, a role for the cerebellum in cognition is suggested by anatomical studies of cerebellar circuits and their connections with the prefrontal cortex [27,30,35,36], by clinical observations of cognitive deficits in patients with local cerebellar lesions [47] and by data from many functional imaging studies, including tests of working memory and language processing [1,15,32,39,42].
This pattern appears to be consistent with the common finding of task-induced deactivations of this network that have been reported in many other functional imaging studies [39] [44].
Many previous functional imaging studies have shown that left frontal activation increases for second relative to first language processing.
Many recent functional imaging studies suggest that pure alexia results from damage to a specific neural region of left hemisphere, known as the visual word form area (VWFA) (Cohen et al., 2004).
Many functional brain-imaging studies have investigated the effect of needling at ST36.
The cerebral cortex is the main target of analysis in many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies.
Many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies as well as lesion studies have relied on the remember/know procedure to identify the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity.
