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To study essential genes as a whole, as many essential genes as possible were linked together via pathways.
It is through multilevel or group-level selection — favoring the survival of one group of organisms over another — that evolution has in Dr. Wilson's view brought into being the many essential genes that benefit the group at the individual's expense.
Some essential genes in S. sanguinis had homologs identified as non-essential in S. aureus and B. subtilis, and vice versa although many essential genes in S. sanguinis were shared with these two species.
Many essential genes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis pathways were previously identified (Fig. 5).
These data indicate that many essential genes important for early embryonic development have maternal contribution.
Despite the identification of many essential genes involved in hematopoiesis, the underlying mechanisms still remain poorly understood.
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Moreover, Karlin and Burge [ 34] have shown that many essential developmental genes, including Hox genes, contain long microsatellites within their coding sequence (e.g. trinucleotide repeats that do not disrupt the open reading frame).
In Salmonella, there are many essential virulence genes such as the sipA gene in S. Typhimurium, which encodes an outer-membrane protein of the Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 type III secretion system essential for host infection.
A recent study assumed that higher selective pressure was responsible for this phenomenon [23], but other studies with this data have also indicated truncations in many essential housekeeping genes on the chromosomes of these strains [25] indicating an alternative explanation i.e. sequencing errors.
After the "Green Revolution" gene, OsGA20ox2, was isolated and characterized, many other essential genes critical to maintaining optimal plant architecture in rice have been characterized.
Many putative essential genes have been identified or predicted in several species, however, little is known about gene expression requirement stringency, which may be an important aspect of bacterial physiology and likely a determining factor in drug target development.
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