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The non-standard tests support the inference of Elena and Lenski, based on the standard tests, that many epistatic deviations are positive and many others negative.
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The key result reported by Elena and Lenski, based on the standard tests, was that there were many significant epistatic deviations in both directions, in contrast to one hypothesis that predicted negative epistasis should be the general rule [ 17].
Xu et al. (2002) reported seven main-effect QTLs and many epistatic QTLs associated with quantitative resistance to BPH using a recombinant inbred line derived from Teqing × Lemont populations.
The detection of higher dimensions of many epistatic effects requires even more complex models.
It is possible that many epistatic interactions exist between LOAD genes, of which relatively few combinations have been tested here.
Figure 2 shows the distribution of epistatic deviations for all 216 of the non-standard equations (dashed curve) as well as the 27 standard equations (solid curve).
For instance, in 2009 Combarros et al. attempted to replicate more than 100 epistatic findings and were only able to replicate 27 [ 188], suggesting that many epistatic interactions may be false positives.
We found a total of thirty-five main-effect genomic regions and many epistatic interactions controlling genistein, daidzein, glycitein and total isoflavone accumulation in seeds.
An earlier study utilizing a White Leghorn × Red Jungle fowl cross identified many epistatic pairs that affected both early and late growth [ 16].
Thus, despite the relatively large mapping population employed here, many epistatic QTL may have remained undetected due to insufficient QTL detection power.
We then compare the epistatic deviations calculated using the new tests to those obtained from the standard tests, and we use the new tests to extract previously unnoticed features of the fitness landscape.
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