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Many engineering structures may have structural defects such as cracks due to long-term service.
Many engineering structures are subjected to random loading.
Annular plates are used in many engineering structures.
Many engineering structures operate under non-stationary conditions resulting in signals containing time-varying frequency components.
Many engineering structures consist of thin-walled beams and shells.
Many engineering structures are subjected to dynamic excitation, which may lead to undesirable vibrations.
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Thin-walled spherical concrete shells or domes find widespread use in many applications, including in many iconic engineering structures of historical and religious significance.
In fact, in many engineering applications, structures are required to be tested for clearance or certification purposes (e.g. hardware items on helicopters): if an AVM has been selected on the basis of its nominal stiffness its choice may present problems when these are excited at high amplitude of vibration, when the nonlinear behaviour becomes pronounced.
Many practical engineering structures can be modeled as rotating beam-like structures.
Fluids containing chlorides and ammonium ions behave aggressively toward reinforced concrete in many environmental engineering structures.
They have high redundancy and can be used to carry large tensile forces in many civil engineering structures.
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