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Rab4a is known to recruit many effector molecules on the surface of endosomes [23].
However, it is not known which protein among many effector molecules of Rac and Cdc42 is required to mediate their defined functions in T cells.
Many effector molecules are thought to be involved in the TNF-α and IL-1-driven cascade of proinflammatory events in RA.
However, considering the fact that Rac and Cdc42 have many effector molecules and may utilize a combination of effectors to mediate a defined cellular function, it was unclear whether Pak2 is the effector molecule that mediates the function of Rac and Cdc42 in T cell development and activation.
Both G-protein coupled receptor and G-proteins form the G-protein mediated signaling cascade whereby binding of ligands to receptors will lead to activation of G-proteins by promoting GDP/GTP exchange, which in turn regulates many effector molecules such as proteins kinases [ 41].
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SFs derived from RA patients display unique properties and secrete a distinct pattern of cytokines, chemokines, matrix proteases and many other effector molecules.
Many of the effector molecules of the silencing processes themselves are also regulated by specific silencing mechanisms, and many of the silencing-related regulatory pathways are interconnected in multidimensional networks [ 6, 7].
Since many anti-Plasmodium effector molecules are likely to have some deleterious effects on the mosquito as well as the parasite, it is desirable as a strategy to minimise expression of the effector to those tissues that encounter the parasite.
Many of the effector molecules are known, but what controls SV recycling as a whole?
Although as many as ∼400 parasite effector molecules have been predicted [6], [7], most host cellular targets remain unknown.
Amongst the canonical classes of pathogen effector molecules, many appear to be non-existent in the A. candida genome or represent significantly smaller classes of genes.
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