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For instance, activation of many ' early response' TFs that were also responsive to H2O2 coincided with the occurrence of H2O2 spikes within the initial 12 hours.
Many early response proteins include transcriptional regulators, such as Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB, which promote fuel homeostasis and prevent skeletal muscle atrophy [ 40].
Along with many early response genes, RelA activates several NF-κB and IκB genes, such as nfκb2 p100/p52, bcl3, and IkBz (Brasier et al., 2001), that contain A/T- centric sites.
This may result from the high concentration used for SH treatment (2.56 mg/ml), as high concentration may induced many early response genes, which may or may not represent the pharmacological action.
Because all known TLRs except for TLR3, as well as many early response cytokine receptors, signal via the MyD88 adapter protein, we studied the effect of mechanical ventilation in the setting of TLR3 activation in normal (WT, MyD88+/+) mice and in MyD88-/ mice.
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Many early responses to and reviews of the new format have been favorable.
The roles and functions of many early-response genes (eg. E74, E75 and broad-complex) have been well studied [11], [12], while much less is known about the late-response genes (L63, L71 and L82) in insects.
This promoter contains 7 tandem repeats of an auxin-responsive TGTCT element, which has been shown to respond rapidly and specifically to active auxins, as many early auxin response genes do, by binding auxin response factors (ARFs) [ 46- 48].
Surprisingly, many canonical immediate early response genes, such as JUN, remained active transcriptionally and epigenetically.
However, an alternative strategy takes advantage of the fact that all of the TLRs, with the exception of TLR3, as well as many of the early response cytokine receptors utilize the adapter protein, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) [ 25, 26].
In many cell types, an early response to senescence-inducing stimuli is increased expression of IL-1α, a plasma membrane-associated cytokine that binds its plasma membrane-associated receptor (IL-1R), which in turn initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately activates NF-κB (Orjalo et al., 2009).
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