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The elicitor-receptor interactions generate many downstream signals which then activate nuclear plant defense genes such as phytoalexins.
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EGFR stimulation activates many downstream signaling pathways including the PI3K/Akt pathway [9].
Another consideration is that while PI3Ks are important regulators of Foxo transcription factors, many downstream signaling pathways controlled by PI3Ks regulate post-transcriptional, metabolic, cytoskeletal and other relevant cellular events [41].
Importantly, elevated KRAS activity stimulates many downstream signaling pathways.
Syk is essential for the activation of many downstream signaling molecules including LAT adaptor protein.
PTEN has a dual phosphatase activity that regulates AKT and many downstream signaling proteins [ 27].
IRS-1 phosphorylation results in the activation of many downstream signaling pathways; many of these pathways are implicated in mitogenesis and protection from apoptosis.
However, c-Met regulates many downstream signaling mediators, including not only MAPK and Akt but also a signal transducer and activator.
Many downstream signal transduction components are shared between PTI and ETI, including an oxidative burst via the production of ROS and changes in plant hormone levels.
Activation of the TLR2-MyD88-IRAK1-TRAF6 can lead thethe activation of many downstream signaling pathways, including members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family [ 19, 35].
Overexpression of Vav proteins enhances lamellipodium and ruffle formation, migration, and cell spreading, and augments activation of many downstream signaling proteins like Rac, ERK and Akt.
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