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Equivalent to the classical genetic method practiced by Mendel, Morgan, Bridges, and their heirs, forward genetics may be applied in many different genetic model organisms.
Since then, however, it has become clear that the situation is not straightforward; conclusions seem premature because so many different genetic, physiological, hormonal, pharmacologic, and psychosocial factors contribute to sex differences in opioid analgesia in both animal models and humans [ 30, 51- 54].
Cells, taken from a single tumour from one person, can have many different genetic alterations within them.
Over the last two decades, many different genetic algorithms (GAs) have been introduced for solving optimization problems.
In most populations, organisms with many different genetic variations survive, reproduce, and leave offspring carrying their genes in the next generation.
They were not interested in how IBs were related to specific diseases (like HD), since they were found in so many different genetic disorders.
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The alternative is the heterogeneity hypothesis, which maintains that genetic susceptibility to common disease is caused by many different rare genetic variants, with a relatively large effect produced by each allele [ 16- 19].
Because pathogens often have high mutation rates, a large population contains many different random genetic variants — so many, in fact, that one or more of them is likely to confer resistance to an antimicrobial drug.
Irregularities can occur with non-paternity and it is possible that consecutive but unrelated people in the same occupation may well have adopted the same name resulting in the foundation of many different Spencer genetic lineages.
Speciation is a very complex process which is affected by many different factors (genetic, ecological, developmental, environmental, etc).
Based on these techniques, many different recurrent genetic abnormalities have been identified in metastatic CRC which frequently include gains of chromosomes 8q, 13q and 20q [8], [8] together with losses of the 1p, 8p, 17p and 18q chromosomal regions [9].
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