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To decrease this potential bias, we include as many control variables available in the data set as possible for the individual graduates.
Another advantage, which is important in the present study, is that analyses with many control variables but small sample sizes can be problematic using model-based methods, but not when multivariate matching is applied (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1983).
Nonetheless, it is not uncommon in the disclosure literature to have unexpected signs and/or insignificant results for the control variables, especially in settings with many control variables (see, e.g., Lang and Lundholm 1993; Gu and Li 2007, or the overview in Wagenhofer and Ewert 2007: 402 403).
Since many control variables were related to age, gender and ethnicity, these factors were also included in the prediction model.
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Field-scale optimization problems consist of a highly complex reservoir model with many unknown control variables.
The models included many geometric and traffic control variables to estimate the association between lighting and nighttime and daytime crashes and the resulting night-to-day crash ratios.
In fact, it is impossible in practice to monitor SPC charts for every variable separately, and if one opts to construct many control charts for each variable to detect shifts in one of them, it will be a time consuming and will generate many false detection errors.
The relationship between short sleep and obesity remains unclear, and a possible explanation is that many studies have not included sufficient control variables in the analyses.
Control Variables.
Control variables.
The local models may be varied in type, scale, control variable, and many other physical and mathematical properties.
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