The analysis controlled for many confounders, including health and socioeconomic status.
These analyses controlled for many confounders, including smoking and gas stoves but not other housing conditions or time spent at home.
Our study has many strengths including the ascertainment of arsenic exposure early in pregnancy from personal drinking water samples, confirmed singleton pregnancies, and the ability to control for many confounders including second-hand smoke exposure, sanitary conditions, medication usage, and others.
33 Finally, although the associations have been adjusted for many potential confounders including smoking, drug use and physical inactivity, residual confounding cannot be ruled out in observational studies.
Although we adjusted for many potential confounders, including the intake of raw vegetables, the associations may still be influenced by a healthier diet and lifestyle of those who regularly eat raw vegetables with salad dressings.
Moreover, this association was significant after controlling for many potential confounders, including prenatal exposure to methylmercury, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and lead.
The main results are presented after adjustment for many potential confounders, including cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, two important factors that influence overweight.
We considered many potential confounders (including socioeconomic status), which we identified from multiple databases, allowing increased quality and completeness of data.
GPRD data have individual date-stamped records of patient event data in primary and secondary care settings, including data on many potential confounders, including comorbidities, BMI, smoking and drinking.
Strengths of this study include the use of prospectively collected data, focus on lower SES and an ethnically mixed inner-city community sample, and the availability of data on many important confounders including lead exposure, tobacco smoke exposure, and child IQ.
25 To reduce the effect of channelling bias we adjusted for a range of potential confounding factors that could influence the choice of antidepressant; for example, in the analysis of suicide we adjusted for attempted suicide at baseline as well as for many other confounders, including severity of depression.
