Many components regulating human metabolism are conserved in the nematode C. elegans, including biochemical pathways of fat, carbohydrate, and protein synthesis and breakdown as well as neuroendocrine regulators of growth, reproduction, and metabolism [1] [3].
The PANTHER enrichment analysis suggests that many biological processes has protein components regulated by SUMO.
Significantly, NK cell therapy is gaining traction in many clinical settings but the field remains young and the key components regulating the immune response are not well defined.
Many ion channels are preferentially located in caveolae where compartmentalisation/scaffolding with signal transduction components regulates their activity.
Although many of the molecular components of synaptic vesicles, the presynaptic cytosol, and presynaptic plasma membrane have been identified, the mechanisms by which these components regulate stimulus evoked vesicle fusion and recycling are not completely understood yet.
Groundbreaking studies in cockroaches, locusts and stick insects have identified many components and fundamental rules that regulate the walking apparatus, such as the definition of multiple gaits (Graham et al., 1985; Burrows, 1992; Zill et al., 2004; Ritzmann and Büschges, 2007; Büschges et al., 2008).
Many components of the IGF signalling pathway are regulated by imprinting, either directly or indirectly.
Many components of the NF-κB pathway are regulated at the post-transcriptional level by secondary modifications through ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubl) such as Nedd8 or SUMO.
Many components of signal transduction pathways are known to regulate the cytoskeleton [ 11, 52, 54].
The emerging view is that a proper choice of splicing events is regulated by a coordinated action of many components including RNA polymerase II, ribonucleoprotein particles, hundreds of auxiliary proteins, chromatin factors, DNA methylation and histone modifications [ 46, 52].
