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Many coatings and surface treatments have been developed to enhance component performance and, increasingly, coating architectures are becoming more complex as multilayer, superlattice and graded coating systems are becoming widely available.
Many coatings and films of interest for engineering applications and microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) are brittle, and their use under applied stress is ultimately limited by fracture.
One important example is the removal of a toxic chemical (penetrant) from polyurethanes, which serve as the binder in many coatings technologies.
To use the scratch adhesion test for assessing the adhesion of a hard, thin coating to its substrate, it must be ensured that the failure event represents the loss of adhesion, since many coatings fail by non-adhesive modes in this test.
This elegant approach is however limited to low molecular weights and processes leading to specific end-groups, and is not applicable in the case of the conventional radical polymerization used to produce many coatings and paints.
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Many macromolecular coatings are physisorbed to particle surfaces, and these coatings can partially desorb over time, with less than 30% (by mass) typically desorbed after four months.
No matter how many protective coatings you put on yourself, it eats through them".
Many surface coatings do not fully protect leather against spills like red wine or against moisture from wet bathing suits.
Many VCI coatings also contain other corrosion inhibitors to enforce the corrosion-resistance process [29].
In many cases, coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the substrate, such as appearance, adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and scratch resistance.
Finally, many polymeric coatings are biocompatible, which promotes the introduction of the one-dimensional (1D) inorganic nanostructures into the biological systems.
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