JNK is also activated during many cellular events, such as growth control, transformation, and apoptosis [43 45].
p300 functions as a transcriptional co-activator to regulate many cellular responses such as cell growth, transformation, development and differentiation.
PDGFD encodes for platelet derived growth factor D [ 33], a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family which can regulate many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, transformation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis [ 34].
Studies using various cell culture systems have suggested that α5β1 is involved in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation, assembly of FN-rich extracellular matrices, cell migration, regulation of gene expression, wound healing, T-cell activation, angiogenesis and embryogenesis - where it regulates mesodermal formation and function [ 76- 80].
SV40-T antigens are known to be involved in oncogenic transformation through interference with many cellular processes.
These myriad effects imparted by EBV latency programs likely perturb many cellular functions in subtle ways that can increase spontaneous transformation or otherwise potentiate cells for transformation.
These compounds have been shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect on tumour cell proliferation and transformation by the down regulation of many cellular enzymatic pathways including protein tyrosine kinase, cycloxygenase and ornithine decarboxylase pathways [ 44].
PTP family members are signalling molecules that regulate many cellular processes, including cell growth, and have been implicated in oncogenic transformation.
It was demonstrated that expression of HBV proteins have a direct effect on many cellular functions, and some of these gene products can promote malignant transformation in hepatocytes [ 20, 21].
Natural methylation has many cellular functions.
