Cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension in many cells is regulated by HIF-1, a heterodimer of HIF-1α and HIF-1β, which induces the transcription of a variety of hypoxia inducible genes.
These proteases are also highly expressed and activated in many cells that regulate the intrinsic inflammatory response.
Alternatively, de Lichtenberg et al. found that many cell cycle regulated genes shared common protein features, thus proposed a method to predict novel ones based on protein features [ 7].
In addition, the PAM50 contains many cell cycle regulated genes that can be combined into a meta-gene for proliferation (CENPF, ANLN, CDC20, CCNB1, CEP55, MYBL2, MKI67, UBE2C, RRM2, and KIF2C).
However, using more quantitative methods and many cell cycle regulated genes to assess proliferation can provide more powerful and objective prognostic information over grade or a mitotic index by Ki-67 [ 14].
In fact, the results correlate with the higher caspase 3 activity at 250 μg/ml PTE pre-treated cells as shown earlier in Fig. 5. H2O2 induced oxidative stress in cells regulates many intracellular signaling pathway and among them are the MAPKs which consist of the extra cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), stress activated p38 and JNK.
Although many types of immune cells regulate immune responses, most attention has focused on regulatory T cells as a way to cure or prevent colitis in mouse models of intestinal inflammation [28].
The HIV Tat protein, which is released by infected cells, regulates many viral and host functions.
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2a), a family of the major serine/threonine phosphatases in cells, regulates many aspects of physiological processes.
In this regard, it is logical that cells regulate many biological processes such as protein folding, protein disaggregation, and protein protein interactions via accumulation of specific osmolytes.
