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Many brain genes also showed conservation of the intragenic CGI that constitutes the murine gDMR.
Hence, the high neuron number in the human brain [which is associated with upregulation of many brain genes compared with non-human apes (Caceres et al., 2003)] generates a particularly high energy requirement, equivalent to 20% of basal metabolism even in adult life.
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So if those picky women should be looking for smartness in prospective male partners, that might explain why so many brain-related genes ended up on the X. "It's popular among male academics to say that females preferred smarter guys," Dr. Arnold said.
Several profound consequences follow from the fact that men have only one copy of the many X-related brain genes and women two.
The observation that many brain regions have genes with differential expression are enriched for behavior, neuronal physiology, brain and neuronal morphology, and learning and memory ontologies, suggests that the developmental transition of the dam during pregnancy and parturition involves many complex processes acting across the brain.
scRNA-seq has allowed researchers to identify diverse cell subpopulations within many brain regions, pinpointing gene signatures and novel cell markers, as well as addressing functional differences.
These findings indicate that many of the putative targets of highly expressed miRNAs are not among highly expressed typical neuronal genes (i.e. many brain specific and post-synatpic proteome coding genes), but rather among the genes which are expressed at lower levels, if reliably expressed at all.
Although the biological cause underpinning these deficiencies is yet to be identified, overall down-regulation of gene expression in many brain regions may be the first steps towards explaining these phenomena.
But the gene activity levels in the human brain were strikingly different from those in the chimp, suggesting that the rate of evolution of human brain genes has been five times faster than that of the chimp brain genes.
Many brain areas exhibit extensive recurrent connectivity.
Many of the identified alterations in brain gene expression are likely important contributors to disease.
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