Unlike many bacterial pathogens, S. pyogenes are devoid of pathogenicity islands [32], perhaps because the high recombination rate renders genomic islands unstable.
Many bacterial pathogens modulate their metabolic activity, virulence and pathogenicity through so-called "toxin antitoxin" (TA) modules.
Blood agar is used for the identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of many bacterial pathogens.
Outer membrane lipoproteins are emerging as key targets for protective immunity to many bacterial pathogens.
Type IV pili are multifunctional filaments displayed on many bacterial pathogens.
MLST remains the gold standard for molecular typing of many bacterial pathogens.
The needle complex or 'injectisome' that transfers proteins from bacteria to eukaryotic cells is a virulence factor in many bacterial pathogens.
Carbohydrates in the thermodynamically disfavored furanose ring conformation are not present in mammalian glycoconjugates, but are widespread in the glycans produced by many bacterial pathogens.
Moreover, many bacterial pathogens have evolved cell cell communication (quorum-sensing) mechanisms to mount population-density-dependent attacks to overwhelm the host's defense responses.
AiiA is a protein which can block the bacterial quorum sensing by hydrolyzing AHL-lactone, and could greatly attenuate the disease caused by many bacterial pathogens in which quorum sensing regulate the expression of virulence genes.
It is widely recognized that flagellar biosynthesis-related proteins play major roles in the colonization of the intestinal tract or invasion into host intestinal cells by many bacterial pathogens (Barrero-Tobon and Hendrixson 2014; Stevenson et al. 2015).
