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These experiments are more complicated than employing pharmacological inhibitors of the proteosome since many apoptotic molecules involved in TRAIL-induced apoptosis would be affected [ 52].
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Many apoptotic-signaling molecules such as bax have a corresponding family member that is anti-apoptotic (such as bcl-2, bcl-x or mcl-1).
It has been reported that the nucleolus contains many anti-apoptotic molecules that promote cell survival after exposure to stress (Reviewed in [ 41]).
The issue in such context – cell death or survival – seems to depend on the cellular levels of several pro- or anti- apoptotic molecules, many of which belong to a family of bcl-2 homologous proteins (Oltvai et al, 1993; Shimizu et al, 1999).
These observations indicate that many apoptotic bodies failed to exclude molecules as large as 31 kDa, suggesting that their membranes also would allow comparably sized molecules to escape.
Whether release of mitochondrial factors is essential for fruit fly apoptosis is still unclear, but many of the known Drosophila apoptotic molecules, including the Bcl-2 proteins, are found at the mitochondria and recent data indicates a role for mitochondrial fission in Drosophila cell death [ 14- 19].
The result of TUNEL assay indicated that there were many apoptotic cells in the ConA group compared with control group.
In fact, many apoptotic mediators have a dual role.
It is therefore not surprising that certain canonical apoptotic molecules can regulate autophagy, and vice versa.
Direct physical interactions with apoptotic molecules were demonstrated for HSPA1, HSPB1 and HSP90 [ 34, 35].
Many apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals depend on interactions between Bcl-2 and other members of the Bcl-2 family.
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