"You still have situations where manufacturing operations have very localized impacts on the neighbors, even though their overall contribution to the region is relatively small," said Rachel Morello-Frosch, a professor of public health at UC Berkeley.
But big-jet manufacturing operations have remained here.Bill Boeing, the founder, was born in Detroit.
Businesses based in the region, including Procter & Gamble and Toyota North America's manufacturing operations, have felt the pinch.
Mr. Cooney said he envisioned light manufacturing operations having to do with solar and wind power, and specialty wood products.
The manufacturing operations have mostly ceased or moved elsewhere, leaving decaying buildings, often with contaminated land, between the communities and their waterfront.
By 1994, the manufacturing operations had moved elsewhere, and there were 1,800 employees remaining at the federal systems division, now owned by Lockheed Martin.
The company's market share slipped with its quality rankings, competitors have inundated the market with newer cars, its huge credit unit has been struggling and its manufacturing operations have lagged in cutting costs.
A spokesman said: "Many manufacturing operations have been affected by the current economic climate in the UK, and Wrigley, like others, is not immune from this as consumers make fewer visits to the shops and travel less".
As a result, the majority of the manufacturing operations have been outsourced to low labor cost countries.
