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They predicted that the facial and vocal signs would be relatively inflexible--that is, these would be more closely tied to specific contexts than would the manual gestures, and that both species would largely use the same facial and vocal signs.
Previous research in our lab has demonstrated that the chimpanzees are likely to produce both manual gestures and vocalizations in these contexts [5], [8], [16].
Table 1 depicts the manual gestures, and attention-getting sounds produced by each of the four subjects during both the COM and RES behavioral tasks.
Consistent with a gestural origins theory are data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally and referentially communicate via manual gestures, and the production of manual gestures, in conjunction with vocalizations, activates the chimpanzee Broca's area homologue – a region in the human brain that is critical for the planning and execution of language.
Language may have evolved from manual gestures, and then gradually incorporated vocal elements, so that language involves reciprocity in the actions of partners (Corballis, 2003).
The severity of limb apraxia was assessed through a structured examination by neurologists experienced in assessing patients with CBS (J.B.R. and T.R ., asking patients to copy three manual gestures and pantomime three transitive and three intransitive actions with their more-affected hand, as well as copy two bimanual gestures.
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Infants will be assessed on the gestures most commonly reported in the neonatal imitation literature 63 69: (1) four facial gestures: tongue poking, mouth opening, happy and sad emotional expressions; (2) two manual gestures: opening and closing of the hand (grasping action) and index finger pointing and (3) two vocal gestures: 'EEE,'OOOOO', as well as tongue clicks.
Indeed, so evocative are the manual gestures of chimpanzees and bonobos that a team of researchers has rekindled an old hypothesis: that human language evolved from gesturing, rather than from vocal calls.
For example, people produce manual gestures while speaking [42], and gestures actually precede and predict the development of spoken language in young children [43].
It is based on both lip reading and manual gestures.
These results are similar to recent findings documenting population-level right-handedness for referential, manual gestures in chimpanzees [34] and more generally suggest that the left hemisphere might control the production of intentionally-produced communicative signals from at least two different sensory modalities in chimpanzees.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com