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Computer programs are used to replace manual computation to find solutions to various engineering problems.
The computation on the computer simply replaced the earlier practice of manual computation.
Due to solution complexity, manual computation to obtain solutions may produce erroneous results.
Manual computation has also proven to provide adequate results, but it takes longer and has limitations when highly cracked images are involved.
First, we considered the manual computation of fluxes with a tool named "metabolic spreadsheet" [ 15, 23].
The results presented in this work were obtained by manual computation.
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The proposed procedures for seismic design of moment frames are entirely suitable for manual computations.
"Modular modeling can reduce the task of otherwise complex structural analysis to simple manual computations" (Bozorgnia and Bertero 2004).
First we carry out a historical study, where we look for possible improvements of the old model while limiting ourselves to manual computations only.
As computers replaced paper and manual processes, computation was done transaction by transaction.
Comparing labor-intensive manual TAG calculation methods, latest automated gradient software package can reduce computation time with high accuracy and reproducibility [ 99].
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