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These results indicate that even through all five Wnt ligands act in the same manner to activate expression of the elt-5 GATA transcription factor during aging, their general activity in adulthood is quite different.
Zinc fingers are particularly important in gene regulation, where many proteins employ them to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner, to activate or inhibit particular genes.
CGRP released by trigeminal ganglia neurons has been shown to function in a paracrine manner to activate trigeminal satellite glial cells to release various cytokines including IL-1β and nitric oxide, a molecule known to be involved in migraine pathophysiology [52], [54].
In the case of JAK2 V617F, a Phe, Trp or Tyr at position 595 are able to maintain constitutive activity, suggesting an aromatic requirement at this position, and pointing to a possible specific stacking interaction between residues F595 and F617 as the most productive manner to activate the kinase domain.
It is possible that sulindac sulfide-induced TNFα acts in an autocrine manner to activate the NF-κB pathway.
NF-κB/Dorsal acts in a concentration-dependent manner to activate or repress genes required for DV cell fate specification.
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Aplidin™ induced rapid and persistent phosphorylation of both JNK and p38 MAPKs, resulting in activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in parental cells, but, notably, in HeLa-APL-resistant cells MAPKs activation only occurred in a slight and transiently manner, failing to activate the above-mentioned apoptotic machinery.
It could be deduced that the PCA produced from the phzA2-G2 cluster plays a signaling role to induce the expression of itself in a relatively less efficient manner, however to activate the expression of phzA1-G1 gene cluster more efficiently.
The cellular mechanisms used in this aberrant migratory response are fundamentally similar to those used during normal developmental migration and boil down to the ability of the cell to organize its actin cytoskeleton in a polarized manner and to activate the myosin motor function to move that cytoskeleton in the direction of polarization [ 25].
Similar Notch proteins have been shown to undergo spontaneous cleavage within the transmembrane domain in a ligand-independent manner, and hence to activate the Notch signalling pathway constitutively in experimental assays [ 1].
PAK4 has also been shown to facilitate the appropriate TRADD binding with the TNFR complex in a kinase-dependent or -independent manner and is suggested to activate NF-κB and ERK pro-survival pathways, thus gaining attention in tumor studies.
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