In an online lab, investigation material, physical or virtual, is manipulated, and the effects of this manipulation are observed in order to gain insight into the relationship between variables in the conceptual model underlying the online lab (de Jong, et al., [2013]).
A consistently negative effect of three cuts per year and of FG manipulation was observed.
Finally, no complication related to ablation and/or catheter manipulation was observed.
Hypoalgesia from spinal manipulation was observed in lumbar innervated areas, but not control (cervical innervated) areas.
To assign a function to a cell population, we therefore required that the effects of a manipulation be observed using two different GAL4 drivers for that cell population.
We included trials for which successful manipulations were observed, but excluding all groups made up of pairs and all trials where only one individual solved the task, since these groups do not contribute any information about option bias.
This is especially true in host-parasite systems where more complex manipulations are observed, which lead to manipulated hosts expressing wholly novel behaviors.
Of the 310 identified manipulations, 54 (17%) were observed.
O. cyaneum proved to have little resistance to manipulation since high mortality rates were observed.
Across climate manipulation treatments, higher decay rates were observed in litter exposed to UV radiation than in litter non-exposed to UV radiation, and in litter placed on the ground than in standing litter.
