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Pharmacological manipulation of serotonin availability can alter the processing of facial expressions of emotion.
The links between autoimmune disorders, serotonergic systems, and E2 suggest that manipulation of serotonin or E2 could be used to successfully treat these pathologies.
The manipulation of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter implicated in affect, influences performance on "hot" cognitive tasks that require the processing of affective stimuli, but manipulation of affect via mood induction influences performance on "cold" cognitive tasks that do not involve affective stimuli.
Serotonin has a crucial role in neural development and maturation [ 11] and studies in rodents have demonstrated that manipulation of serotonin (5-HT) levels by exposing the animals to SSRIs at a vulnerable stage of central nervous system development can lead to permanent behavioral changes, paradoxically presented as increased depression and anxiety-related behavioral phenotypes [ 12- 15].
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Progenitor types in the spinal cord react differently to the serotonin signal, as generation of interneuron populations during development and lesion-induced generation of serotonergic interneurons in adults were not altered by experimental manipulations of serotonin.
We tested these hypotheses using double-blind pharmacological manipulations of serotonin and dopamine in subjects performing a moral decision task that allowed us to quantify harm aversion for self and others [ 12].
It is important to note, however, that these adverse acute effects of SSRIs only affect a subset of patients clinically and the effects of acute manipulations of serotonin have been shown to be dependent on a number of factors such as gender 36 and genotype.
Finally, parasitic castration may be intermediated in the snail by the parasitic manipulation of host serotonin concentrations.
These findings indicate that enduring, behaviorally-relevant alterations of the CNS can occur following pharmacological manipulation of the serotonin system during postnatal development.
Medication use might have been a confounding variable because manipulation of the serotonin system, which is a common antidepressant treatment, produces specific alterations in the ability to recognize fear [62].
This is not a comprehensive review; instead, we focus specifically on studies conducted in humans employing controlled, experimental manipulations of the serotonin system in the laboratory.
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