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According to the semantic view of computation, computation is the manipulation of representations.
According to the causal (semantic) account, the computer just underwent a causal process (a manipulation of representations), which may be given a computational description and hence counts as computing some function g(i), where g≠f.
Perhaps the most direct experimental support comes from work on the so called selective interference effect, which occurs when a person tries simultaneously to do two mental tasks both of which call for manipulation of representations from the same code (i.e., two verbal tasks, or two imagery/visuo-spatial tasks).
The manipulation of representations like those of numbers may become more dependent on working memory resources and thus more controlled [23], its impact on attention remaining at a higher level.
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Few people would include all manipulations of representations — including, say, painting a picture and recording a speech — as computations, but there is no consensus on where to draw the boundary between representational manipulations that count as computations and representational manipulations that do not.
Kosslyn (1980) claims that the results suggest that the tasks were accomplished via the examination and manipulation of mental representations that themselves have spatial properties — i.e., pictorial representations, or images.
AI applications deal with with knowledge in the form of stored representations, and the tradition in AI with which we are concerned here thinks of reasoning as the manipulation of symbolic representations.
Extending the pairwise position classification findings to discriminate between four arbitrary environmental positions revealed a region of the hippocampus that is involved in the general storage and/or manipulation of position representations.
Given that any manipulation of cognitive representations across different phases of the extinction paradigm requires us to change aspects of the stimulus characteristics of the task, it will always be possible for a renewal theorist to postulate post hoc that the chosen changes in the stimuli and the task constitute a relevant context change.
These observed frontoparietal regions have been associated with the manipulation of mental representations in working memory (Christoff and Gabrieli 2000; Christoff et al. 2003), the polar region being recruited as a function of the degree of abstraction of information to be processed in working memory.
Computation, then, is the manipulation of language-like representations in a way that is sensitive to their syntactic structure and preserves their semantic properties (Fodor 1975).
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