Wheat blossom midges, on the other hand, feed on developing wheat seeds and either do not require extensive manipulation of host plants such as growth inhibition [ 19], or manipulate host plants in different ways.
Hence, these molecules represent a probable objective for parasite manipulation of host reproductive activity.
Many of these changes are driven by viral manipulation of host transcription or translation machinery.
Finally, parasitic castration may be intermediated in the snail by the parasitic manipulation of host serotonin concentrations.
These mechanistic insights into manipulation of host immunity by a parasite product have implications for the design of anti-inflammatory therapeutic drugs.
In addition, mechanisms of direct anti-mycobacterial activity, manipulation of host immune responses, and future prospects of AMPs as therapeutic agents are discussed.
For management of diseases of wild stocks, transmission models open up a range of options, including the application of area management, manipulation of host abundance, and use of scavengers and filter feeders to limit the concentration of infective particles.
Novel functions are designed and synthesized in host microbes with the aid of advanced technologies for computer simulations of cellular processes and the system-wide manipulation of host genomes.
This indicates that C. jejuni has evolved specific immune evasion strategies; manipulation of host mucosal immunity to counteract the evasion strategies is a future therapeutic challenge.
We looked for various families of effectors that are associated with the triggering or manipulation of host cell defenses [46], [47], [48].
Given its numerous potential benefits – camouflage, cytoadherence, manipulation of host signaling – molecular mimicry may well be much more common among parasitic microorganisms than currently known.
