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Operant conditioning paradigms are useful for studying factors involved in reward, particularly when combined with the tools of genetic manipulation in mice.
Mayford, whose work also focuses on learning and memory manipulation in mice, says it's theoretically possible that humans form false memories in a similar way.
Conditional gene manipulation in mice becomes a routine for genetic studies of mammalian gene functions.
In addition, about 20% of the QTLs were located within genomic regions less than 100 kb away from at least one other QTL, implying the prevalence of pleiotropic effects of genetic manipulation in mice.
With the recent advances in genetic manipulation in mice, we are now able to selectively knock out a tumor suppressor gene or overexpress an oncogene which results in the spontaneous development of tumors in specific tissues [6], [10], [11].
Altogether, the data obtained from MeCP2 manipulation in mice suggest that the mammalian central nervous system requires well-balanced MeCP2 levels for its proper function.
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After the successful manipulation in mouse oocytes and embryos, the authors subsequently succeeded in specifically reducing the mutant mtDNAs responsible for LHOND and NARP (neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa) by applying mitochondria-targeted TALENs in artificial mammalian oocytes, which were derived by fusion of patient cells with mouse oocytes.
Second, we employed the transposon system, which has been applied for a variety of genetic manipulation in mouse and human cells, for producing transgenic monkey PG-haESCs.
By generating embryos from two female pronuclei (biparental gynogenetic embryo) or from two male pronuclei (biparental androgenetic embryos) using pronuclear manipulation in mouse zygotes, the requirement of the "genomic contribution" from both the mother and the father to the next generation was demonstrated.
It has been adapted for evaluating genetic manipulations in mice.
That link between the neural circuit manipulations in mice and therapies now used in humans makes the findings particularly exciting, says Tom Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health.
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