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Manipulation in animal models therewith often results in an interplay of several affected factors.
Finally, we attempt to identify future directions of genetic manipulation in animal models to advance our understanding of brain dysregulation characteristic of anxiety disorders.
Hormonal manipulation in animal models reduces the sepsis related mortality in males.
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Its involvement in BD and manipulations in animal models will be discussed in "Dopaminergic pathways".
Genetic manipulations in animals have revealed that RA signaling is important for the development of the forebrain and the segmented hindbrain, and for the elongation of the body axis [32], [33], [35].
The effects of pharmacological manipulations in animals are generally studied under "state-change" design, where differences between conditions are amplified by the procedure of directly contrasting the behavioral effects produced on the same subject by two different drugs.
However the biology of this animal makes such functional assays extremely difficult; A. willeyana is exclusively found in Indo-Pacific marine caves and cannot be maintained under in vitro conditions, therefore there currently exists no system for gene expression manipulation in this animal.
Also, because even small changes in tissue microenvironment can induce major changes in monocyte/macrophage phenotypes, the relevance of results from the experimental manipulations performed in animal models to human disease may be limited.
In regard to host defense, NO level manipulation in septic animals revealed controversial results which may be due to differences in, among other things, the timing of NOS inhibition [ 47].
Gene manipulation studies in animals showed that hypertension is associated with diminished angiotensinase C gene expression [ 38].
The present study assessed the impact of environmental manipulation a) in animals with pre-existing chronic neuropathic pain, b) on changes in neuropeptide expression and c) on both the sensory and affective components of chronic pain.
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