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Indeed, the difference in behavioural alterations induced by Toxoplasma in various animal species might help to reveal the neurophysiological mechanism(s) of the manipulation activity of the parasite.
The authors suggested that changes of personality trait were caused by manipulation activity of the parasite, aimed at increasing the probability of transmission of the parasite from an intermediate to a definitive host.
As the cytomegalovirus spreads in population by direct contact (not by predation as with Toxoplasma), the observed changes are the byproduct of brain infections rather than the result of manipulation activity of a parasite.
However, infected people have impaired reaction times [ 6] and about 2.6 times higher risk of traffic accidents [ 7, 8], possibly as a result of manipulation activity of Toxoplasma aimed to increase the chance of transmission from the intermediate to the definitive host, i.e. from any bird or mammal species to any feline species, by predation.
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The authors interpreted this possible behavioural change as a manipulation activity to promote transmission of the parasite; delayed reaction times in rodents could increase the chance of transmission into a definitive host such as the cat.
We tested how responses of the model putative excitatory neurons are affected by manipulation of activity of PVs or SOMs.
For technical reasons having to do with the relative ease of manipulation of activity levels in vitro, most previous studies involving externally imposed alterations of activity were performed on developing neurons in culture systems.
Scoring represents the independence of patients to perform stabilisation or manipulation in activities of daily living (ADL) with the affected upper limb.
Moreover, the in situ electrically controlled wettability could be utilized to implement the manipulation of osteogenic activity of orthopedic implants.
To evaluate the immediate effect of lubmopelvic manipulation on EMG activity of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius as well as pain and functional performance of athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
The manipulation of the activity of the melanotrope cells is strictly regulated by inhibitory and stimulatory neurons of hypothalamic origin.
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