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In order to avoid the potential confounds associated with task manipulation, we identified semantic and phonological areas by manipulating the semantic and phonological relationship between successive stimuli.
One of the most common ways of manipulating the semantic content of a picture is copy-move forgery, whereby a portion of the image is copied and pasted once or multiple times elsewhere into the same image.
Copy-move forgery, whereby a portion of the image is copied and pasted once or more times elsewhere into the same image, is one of the most common ways of manipulating the semantic content of a picture.
Rather, we investigated whether semantic and phonological processes respectively engage the same sets of areas during reading and naming by manipulating the semantic and phonological relationships between items.
By manipulating the semantic and phonological relatedness of the items while keeping the task constant, we were able to minimize the strategy and working memory confounds that are associated with task manipulation.
First, we identified semantic areas by manipulating the semantic relationship between stimuli; on the other hand, previous investigations characterized semantic priming in terms of repeated relative to initial semantic processing of exactly the same stimuli [e.g., Wagner et al., 1997, 2000; Buckner et al., 1998; Koutstaal et al., 2001].
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Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we presented an acoustically clear sentence followed by an acoustically degraded sentence and manipulated the semantic relationship between them: Related in meaning (but consisting of different content words), Unrelated in meaning, or Same.
Thus, ours is the only study that manipulated the semantic relationship between stimuli and required subjects to read/name both primes and targets.
They asked participants to look for a target in a two-object display while remembering another object and manipulated the semantic relationship between the memorized object and the distractor in the two-object display.
The few studies that manipulated the semantic relationship between words, on the other hand, required the subjects to ignore the prime and used a lexical decision task [Kotz et al., 2002; Copland et al., 2003; Rissman et al., 2003].
For example, by manipulating the degree of semantic correspondence between odour-picture pairs, Gottfried and Dolan [37] revealed facilitation for semantically congruent versus incongruent situation.
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