Tells how criminals have stolen railroad boxcars, U.S. Army supplies(in South Korea), oil, telephone&electronics equipment, by manipulating instructions conveyed by the computers that record and control the flow of inventories.
The human produces the appearance of understanding Chinese by following the symbol manipulating instructions, but does not thereby come to understand Chinese.
Geurts and colleagues [ 10] had recently investigated the effects of social motivation on cognitive control performance in children with ADHD by manipulating task instructions (subjects were told to compete with peers).
For that purpose we manipulated the instructions to either 'fixate' a central cross during the sample presentation or to 'saccade' towards the appearing sample dots.
In order to test whether expectations built from the temporal structure of events versus from symbolic cues were under cognitive control, we also manipulated task instructions in a factorial fashion.
The effect of sequence awareness on perceptual sequence learning was determined by manipulating the learning instructions (explicit versus implicit) and assessing the amount of sequence awareness after the experiment.
The present study investigated whether activation of the hMNS during the observation of artificial object movements depends more on the visual features of the movements (buttom-up), or, by manipulating the task instructions, on the intentional goal of an observer (top-down).
The present study aimed to assess the effect of dimension-specific attention on learning, by training listeners on an impossible discrimination task (Amitay et al., 2006) and manipulating the task instructions.
In contrast, previous studies either assessed the effect of manipulating the overall instructions received by participants (Greene et al., 2001), or providing prior experience with a semantically meaningful hierarchy composed of playing cards (i.e., 9 10-J-Q-K-A: Moses et al., 2010a)—rather than specifically focusing on the way in which item relations are specified (see Discussion).
Empirical work focused on ways to reduce or eliminate the effects of stereotype threat has revealed a number of simple yet effective measures, including educating at-risk populations (Johns et al., 2005) and manipulating test-taking instructions (Steele and Aronson, 1995; Spencer et al., 1999; Johns et al., 2005).
Meanwhile, the ability to decode and manipulate our genetic instructions or to alter our individual personalities with drugs raises questions about personal identity, about boundaries between living things and mechanistic machines, about freedom of action versus predetermined behavior.
