More information on the consequences and distribution of molecular variation in resistance to Bt crops will be useful to improve our ability to manipulate costs and incomplete resistance.
Whereas most research on fitness costs associated with resistance to Bt toxins has been done in the laboratory and greenhouse, field research is needed to enhance our ability to manipulate costs (Gassmann et al. 2009).
Election administrators can selectively manipulate participation costs for different individuals and groups, leading to biased electoral outcomes.
It is intrinsically fragile, since it is grounded on uncertain predictions and it exhibits a large and non-linear exposure to uncertainty (Ansar et al. 2016), even when the predictions are not manipulated (often costs and timelines are systematically underestimated, and benefits are systematically overestimated).
According to McClatchy Louis Berger is accused of manipulating overhead cost data and overhead rate proposals submitted to the U.S. government and several states including Massachusetts, Nevada and Virginia.
To be more conservative and consider the effects of recurrent mutations, we manipulated the costs of recurrent mutations and recombinations such as those shown in Table 1, which allow for one, two, three and four continuous recurrent mutations.
We manipulated the costs of the helpful act by varying the resistance of pulling food for the experimental partner between 1 and 5 newtons, which covered the range from a very easy operation to a difficult action they could just accomplish.
Carriere et al. (2010) provide an excellent overview of the success of these approaches over the past 15 years; they conclude that, while refuges have been generally successful, better understanding of source-sink dynamics and improved ability to manipulate resistance costs in pest species may be important avenues for future research.
But Mr. Wall, in the interview, dismissed suggestions that Canpotex restricted competition to manipulate the cost of fertilizer and, through that, food.
Mr. Salomon discovered that the company was manipulating the indirect costs billed to the government, so that it was padding the bills with unrelated items.
